People high in general knowledge tend to be highly open to new experiences and in typical intellectual engagement. In addition, stress or various emotional levels can negatively affect semantic memory retrieval. Most semantic memory is preserved through old age, though there are deficits in retrieval of certain specific words correlated with aging. General knowledge is stored as semantic memory. As with crystallized intelligence, general knowledge has been found to increase with age. General knowledge is also moderately associated with verbal ability, though only weakly or not at all with numerical and spatial ability. However, many general knowledge tests are designed to create a normal distribution of answers, creating a bell-shaped curve. ![]() IQ has been found to robustly predict general knowledge scores even after accounting for differences in age, and five-factor model personality traits. High scorers on tests of general knowledge tend to also score highly on intelligence tests.
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